Parts List

In the game there are 4 different components: Core, Nose, Wings and Engines whereof the latter three each have a small, medium and large version while all cores have the same size.

Furthermore each combination of component and size will be available with a different part name but largely similar stats for each of the AI factions.

Faction Boost
Each part will have a boost for the faction they were produced by, medium parts have twice the faction boost, while it is tripled for large parts, the boosts are as following:

Cores
Cores will always give +20 Health, 12 Armor, 2 Shields, 20 Reactor and 30 Capacitor plus the factions Size 1 bonus.

Noses
Noses have an armor rating and greatly improve shields, additionally of course they have the faction boost.

Wings
Left and right wings are the same exept for geometric orientation, they each have the same armor rating and give a boost to turn rate.

Engines
These power beasts have of course an armor rating as well as a bonus to Thrust Power

Conclusion
As you might have noticed medium size weight and specialty bonus for each part is 3 times that of small size while large ones is 5 times that of small parts, armor on the other hand has approximately a 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 ratio

Disclaimer
I just did some research on my own in the game because I couldn't find anything about it so I just put my research here, actual values may vary although I greatly doubt it